governance

openEHR International (CIC) oversees all openEHR operations, primarily through its four Programmes. Two directors are appointed by the openEHR Foundation, with up to six additional directors elected every two years by Subscribing members from the Individual, Industry, or Organisational groups.

The CIC Board selects a Chair or multiple Co-Chairs as needed and currently has two Co-Chairs.

The Foundation Board includes three founding members of the original Foundation and three directors from the CIC. Its primary role is to safeguard openEHR’s intellectual property.

CEO

Professor Rachel Dunscombe

CEO & Co-chair

Professor Rachel Dunscombe

CEO & Co-chair

Rachel is CEO of Digital Health Leadership Programme, NHS Digital Academy and was formerly the CIO and Director of Digital of the Salford Royal/NCA Group, one of the two most digitally mature organisations in the NHS. She has worked across the health care system as well as in the private sector and Europe. She is currently a visiting Professor at Imperial College London.

CIC board

openEHR International (CIC) is responsible for the running of all openEHR business, primarily through its four programs – Clinical, Education, SEC and Software. Two directors are appointed by the openEHR Foundation, with up to six additional directors elected on a two yearly basis by subscribing members in the Individual, Industry or Organisational groups.

Tomaž Gornik

Co-Chair

Tomaž Gornik

Co-Chair

Tomaž is the CEO of Better and an experienced leader of a large group of developers building world-class software products for more than 30 years. He is always challenging his team to build better software using state-of-the-art technology, architectures and processes. He has a deep understanding of software platforms, architecture, deployment and business models. Tomaž has a proven track record delivering innovative turn-key solutions for large clients in telecommunications, finance and healthcare. He has been speaker at conferences including TeleManagement Forum, HIMSS and Health 2.0.

Thomas Beale

Foundation representative

Thomas Beale

Foundation representative

Thomas is one of the founders of openEHR International and is the chief technical architect and editor of the openEHR specifications, and was the co-chair on the Specifications Editorial Committee (SEC) up to 2023. He is also a openEHR CIC Board member. He has participated in international standards work (OMG HDTF, HL7, CEN TC/251) for many years. He designed the archetype formalism (ADL), object model (AOM) (an ISO standard), the Basic Meta-Model (BMM), and much of the Task Planning and Decision Language specifications. He has consulted for Intermountain Healthcare, the US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), and various ministries, departments of health and other public agencies in places including Australia, UK, Brazil, Jamaica, Denmark, Sweden, and Catalonia. Thomas’s academic background is in Electrical Engineering (communications) and Computer Science. His earlier professional work was in real-time distributed control (SCADA) systems for power, gas and mining; investment management and finance, and document and software configuration management systems. He has published a number of papers in health informatics and has presented widely on the patient-centric EHR, the model-based platform eco-system, and e-Health strategy. Thomas is VP Informatics at GraphiteHealth.

Dr Sam Heard

Foundation representative

Dr Sam Heard

Foundation representative

Sam Heard is a practicing clinician who has worked throughout his career in inner London (UK) and the Northern Territory (Australia) to assist the standardisation of health information to empower clinicians and their patients to improve health care and outcomes. This work began with the Good European Health Record in the early 90s, continued through a long collaboration with Thomas Beale and CHIME at UCL, the establishment of Ocean Informatics as a commercial vehicle to assist in the vision and culminating in setting up the openEHR Foundation in London in 2002. Sam was appointed as Chair of the openEHR Foundation Board in June 2023, where he has served as a Director for many years. He was CEO until 2012 and now a current board Chair of Ocean Health Systems. Sam was a foundation co-Chair of the HL7 EHR Technical Committee and has worked extensively with the UK and Australian national programs to utilise and refine the openEHR method.

Dr Heather Leslie

CCIO

Dr Heather Leslie

CCIO

Heather is an experienced clinician informatician with a long history of involvement in international digital health standards. Her primary focus for many years has been on developing high-quality ‘little data’ to establish a coherent health data ecosystem. She has extensive expertise in clinical information modelling, clinical knowledge governance, data quality and safety, and engagement with clinicians and domain experts. As principal of Atomica Informatics (2018- ) her everyday work is involves data standardisation in international and national eHealth programs, including supporting logical model development for Australia’s Sparked FHIR accelerator. Heather was a leader of the openEHR Clinical Modelling program from 2008 to 2021 and administrator of the openEHR Clinical Knowledge Manager until 2023.

Gary McAllister

Co-opted expert

Gary McAllister

Co-opted expert

Gary is currently Chief Information and Technology Officer for Dell Technologies. He was previously Chief Technology Officer at One London, National Director of TSAS and Chief Information Officer, Guy’s and St Thomas NHS Foundation Trust, with over 26 years of accrued health technology experience. He has lectured for the NHS Digital Academy and is the author of ‘An Introduction to Digital Healthcare in the NHS’ and ‘Preparing the NHS for the AI Era: A Digital Health Record for Every Citizen’

John Meredith

Professional member representative

John Meredith

Professional member representative

John is a Health Informatics professional with 18 years’ experience working in the NHS and currently a senior architect working in NHS Wales, leading on clinical data modelling and interoperability use cases, spearheading the adoption of openEHR in Wales, and working closely with partners across the UK and Europe. His academic research in health began with an opportunity to publish a paper focusing on system usability. This gave him a first-hand account of proving the benefits that correctly architected software can provide clinicians. Currently undertaking PhD research into clinical data structures and interoperability standards with University of Wales Trinity Saint David / Wales Institute of Digital Information. Recent research includes the Contextual Problem List and the origination of the FOXS stack, encompassing FHIR, openEHR, XDS and SNOMED CT as means develop an open platform of standardised specifications and components. He is currently working to implement this in NHS Wales as part of the drive for an open approach to national architecture.

Mikael Nyström

Organisation representative

Mikael Nyström

Organisation representative

Mikael is a board member of Swedish Medical Informatics Association where he is product owner for the association’s openEHR work. He also works at Cambio Healthcare Systems AB, since the autumn of 2019, as a Senior Informatician and Informatic Content Lead. He received a M.Sc. in computer science and engineering from Linköping University in 2002. From 2002 to 2019 he worked at Linköping University as researcher and lecturer in medical informatics. His main interest areas were how classifications and SNOMED CT together with openEHR can be used to compile health record information. He received a Ph.D. in medical informatics in 2010. Mikael has been involved in the openEHR community since 2004, and member in SNOMED International’s advisory committees since the organisation started in 2007. He has also been working part-time as a consultant for Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare and for SNOMED International and as eHealth expert at RISE Research Institutes of Sweden AB.

Dr Jordi Piera Jiménez

Organisation representative

Dr Jordi Piera Jiménez

Organisation representative

Jordi, BSc, MSc, PhD is dually trained in Computing Science Engineering (BSc) and in Business Management (BSc) by the Autonomous University of Barcelona. Further to that, he also holds a MSc in Telemedicine and E-health delivered by the Open University of Catalonia (UOC) and a PhD on the economic evaluation of digital health innovations under the Information and Knowledge Society doctoral programme also from UOC. He started working at the service provision in an integrated care organization back in year 2000, first as an analyst and software developer inside the Information Technologies Department where he actively participated in the development and implementation of the Electronic Medical and Social Care Records and in a number of research and innovation projects. After many years at the service provision side, Jordi moved to the Catalan Health Service where he is currently leading the Digital Health Strategy Office and the development of a new Electronic Health Record which will be built around the paradigm of open platforms and standards.

Stefan Schraps

Industry representative

Stefan Schraps

Industry representative

Stefan is responsible for the eHealth platform business at vitagroup. He has over 16 years of experience in healthcare IT and has been a vocal advocate for openEHR and the open platform philosophy in Germany since 2018. With his understanding of economics and healthcare IT, he will greatly contribute to the mission of openEHR International. Stefan studied economics in Germany and the US and is currently responsible for Partner Management at vitagroup. With his 25+ years experience in IT companies and a focus in healthcare IT and e-health since 2005, Stefan has strong knowledge in platform products and strategy, business models, business relationships and networks. This includes vast experience in change and growth management processes.

foundation board

The Foundation Board comprises three founding members of the original Foundation and three directors drawn from the CIC. Its key role is as custodian of openEHR Intellectual property.

Dr Sam Heard

Chair

Dr Sam Heard

Chair

Dr Sam Heard MD, FRACGP, MRCGP, FACHI is a practicing clinician who has worked throughout his career in inner London (UK) and the Northern Territory (Australia) to assist the standardisation of health information to empower clinicians and their patients to improve health care and outcomes. This work began with the Good European Health Record in the early 90s, continued through a long collaboration with Thomas Beale and CHIME at UCL, the establishment of Ocean Informatics as a commercial vehicle to assist in the vision and culminating in setting up the openEHR Foundation in London in 2002. Sam was appointed as Chair of the openEHR Foundation Board in June 2023, where he has served as a Director for many years. He was CEO until 2012 and now a current board Chair of Ocean Health Systems. Sam was a foundation co-Chair of the HL7 EHR Technical Committee and has worked extensively with the UK and Australian national programs to utilise and refine the openEHR method.

Thomas Beale

Thomas Beale

Thomas is one of the founders of openEHR International and is the chief technical architect and editor of the openEHR specifications, and was the co-chair on the Specifications Editorial Committee (SEC) up to 2023. He is also a openEHR CIC Board member. He has participated in international standards work (OMG HDTF, HL7, CEN TC/251) for many years. He designed the archetype formalism (ADL), object model (AOM) (an ISO standard), the Basic Meta-Model (BMM), and much of the Task Planning and Decision Language specifications. He has consulted for Intermountain Healthcare, the US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), and various ministries, departments of health and other public agencies in places including Australia, UK, Brazil, Jamaica, Denmark, Sweden, and Catalonia. Thomas’s academic background is in Electrical Engineering (communications) and Computer Science. His earlier professional work was in real-time distributed control (SCADA) systems for power, gas and mining; investment management and finance, and document and software configuration management systems. He has published a number of papers in health informatics and has presented widely on the patient-centric EHR, the model-based platform eco-system, and e-Health strategy. Thomas is VP Informatics at GraphiteHealth.

Tomaž Gornik

Tomaž Gornik

Tomaž is the CEO of Better and an experienced leader of a large group of developers building world-class software products for more than 30 years. He is always challenging his team to build better software using state-of-the-art technology, architectures and processes. He has a deep understanding of software platforms, architecture, deployment and business models. Tomaž has a proven track record delivering innovative turn-key solutions for large clients in telecommunications, finance and healthcare. He has been speaker at conferences including TeleManagement Forum, HIMSS and Health 2.0.

Prof Emeritus David Ingram

Prof Emeritus David Ingram

David Ingram is Emeritus Professor of Health Informatics at UCL, President of openEHR, Director of openEHR Foundation and past Chair; and a Trustee of the OpenEyes Charity. He was appointed to the first Chair in Medical Informatics in the UK, in 1989, and went on to establish the UCL Centre for Health Informatics and Multiprofessional Education, in 1995, of which he was Director until his retirement in 2011. David led the foundational health record architecture research of the GEHR Project, within the EU, starting in 1991. From this and subsequent projects and collaborations emerged the openEHR Foundation – of which he was Founding Chair from 2002-2012 – and principal contributions of CHIME colleagues towards the CEN and ISO 13606 standards.

Dr Ian McNicoll

Dr Ian McNicoll

Ian is a former Scottish GP, and has been involved in healthcare informatics for nearly 30 years, working with and promoting openEHR technologies for the last 8 years, initially with Ocean Informatics and latterly as an independent consultant. His current focus is on the promotion of the Apperta open e-health platform ecosystem, with openEHR at its core, and the development of a related Development Platform, adopted by NHS England as a key part of their Code4Health initiative. A Director of the openEHR Foundation Board. Previous Chair of the openEHR Management Board, and Director of the International Board from March 2019 until November 2022.

John Meredith

John Meredith

John is a Health Informatics professional with 18 years’ experience working in the NHS and currently a senior architect working in NHS Wales, leading on clinical data modelling and interoperability use cases, spearheading the adoption of openEHR in Wales, and working closely with partners across the UK and Europe. His academic research in health began with an opportunity to publish a paper focusing on system usability. This gave him a first-hand account of proving the benefits that correctly architected software can provide clinicians. Currently undertaking PhD research into clinical data structures and interoperability standards with University of Wales Trinity Saint David / Wales Institute of Digital Information. Recent research includes the Contextual Problem List and the origination of the FOXS stack, encompassing FHIR, openEHR, XDS and SNOMED CT as means develop an open platform of standardised specifications and components. He is currently working to implement this in NHS Wales as part of the drive for an open approach to national architecture.

Mikael Nyström, PhD

Mikael Nyström, PhD

Mikael is a board member of Swedish Medical Informatics Association where he is product owner for the association’s openEHR work. He also works at Cambio Healthcare Systems AB, since the autumn of 2019, as a Senior Informatician and Informatic Content Lead. He received a M.Sc. in computer science and engineering from Linköping University in 2002. From 2002 to 2019 he worked at Linköping University as researcher and lecturer in medical informatics. His main interest areas were how classifications and SNOMED CT together with openEHR can be used to compile health record information. He received a Ph.D. in medical informatics in 2010. Mikael has been involved in the openEHR community since 2004, and member in SNOMED International’s advisory committees since the organisation started in 2007. He has also been working part-time as a consultant for Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare and for SNOMED International and as eHealth expert at RISE Research Institutes of Sweden AB.

The openEHR Community Interest Company (CIC) trading as ‘openEHR International’ is a not-for-profit UK member-owned company, regulated by the Companies (Audit, Investigations and Community Enterprise) Act 2004, designed for social enterprises that want to use their profits and assets for the public good.

The openEHR Foundation is a not-for-profit UK company, limited by guarantee. It is regulated under the UK Companies Acts 1985 and 1989. The name ‘openEHR’ has been registered internationally as a Trade Mark. The main legal function of the Foundation is as the holder of its Intellectual Property, which it makes freely available.

As of 10th May 2019, operational management of Foundation activities is entrusted to the openEHR International (CIC). This enables direct control of openEHR operational activities by subscribing members, through the election of CIC company members/ directors. Previous openEHR Management Board members became the Founding Members/Directors of the CIC. Elections are 

The openEHR Foundation will remain in existence with the limited scope of continuing to hold openEHR Intellectual Property and appoints two Directors to the CIC. This was felt to be an important interim step while openEHR International beds down, but it is expected that the Foundation will merge into openEHR International in coming years.

There is an absolute commitment, backed up by Foundation/CIC Articles of Association, that all openEHR Intellectual Property will remain fully open and free to use in both commercial and non-commercial settings.

Principles

▪️ Licensing of openEHR artefacts is based on following principles:
openEHR Specifications, Software and Clinical Models (archetypes, templates and terminology subsets) available at no cost.
▪️ Specifications, open source software and Clinical Models can be used without restriction in commercial products.
▪️ Protection to ensure that authoring of derivative models (archetypes, templates and terminology subsets) by one party does not in any way limit the rights of others to create those same models.
▪️ Forms or other software artefacts using the models as inputs can be protected in the same way as any other work is protected commercially.
▪️ Query languages using the models may be freely developed and protected commercially without restriction.
▪️ The IP of the specifications of models (e.g. openEHR Reference Model, Archetype formalism etc) is protected by the Foundation independently of derivative expressions (e.g. ADL, XML etc), which are typically not definitive and may be licensed more openly.
▪️ Require Contributors to declare if there are any current or future IP or patent claims in any content being contributed.
▪️ Clinical models based on copyrighted ‘scales’ or ‘scores’ (eg Glasgow Coma, Braden etc) have formal agreement covering the IP use.
▪️ Have a formal agreement to use any terminology codes, value sets and reference sets where required.

The three areas of work that constitute the main Foundation IP are available for use according to the following:

Specification
Description: Official specifications of the Foundation, including source form and published form. Primarily maintained in the openEHR Github specifications-XX Git repositories.
Copyright: openEHR Foundation
Licence: Creative Commons Licence CC-BY-ND (Attribution, No derivatives)

Computable artefacts
Description: Recognised computable or formal artefacts, including UML model source files, XSD, JSON, REST API source files, and code examples. Wiki pages in the openEHR wiki Specifications space and ADL space.
Copyright: openEHR Foundation
Licence: Creative Commons Licence CC-BY-SA, for derived archetypes and templates only.

Clinical Models
Description: Archetype, Template, and Terminology source artefacts developed by the openEHR community and provided for hosting in the openEHR International Clinical Knowledge Manager (CKM).
Copyright: openEHR Foundation
Licence: Creative Commons Licence CC-BY-SA (Attribution + share-alike).

Specialised archetypes and templates
Description: Specialised archetypes and templates.
Copyright: openEHR Foundation
Licence: Creative Commons Licence CC-BY-SA

Software
Description: Open Source Software source code based on openEHR specifications and/or other openEHR artefacts. Most software found at GitHub/openEHR.
Copyright: openEHR Foundation, or original authoring organisation
Licence: Apache 2 License

Third-party IP is referenced in various ways within openEHR artefacts, primarily archetypes and templates. Such references do not generally constitute use of the 3rd-party IP as envisaged by its publishers, however use of the relevant openEHR artefacts (for example, in production health information systems) may well entail use of the referenced 3rd party IP, e.g. terminology codes. The developers of such deployments must therefore accept responsibility for ensuring legal use of relevant third party IP.

The openEHR Foundation has formal bilateral or unilateral agreements to reference the following types of IP in its published artefacts:

SNOMED CT terminology

CC-BY-ND

The use of the CC-BY-ND license allows for public sharing, republishing, and unencumbered commercial use. It protects users of the specifications from unknown and/or local modifications, tampering etc being made outside of the Foundation’s own open processes. This is the same thing that W3C does with its document license.

The CC ‘SA’ (Share-alike) option was also considered, but rejected for two reasons. Firstly the openEHR Specifications are considered definitive works of the Foundation, not interpretations of anything else. Their contents and evolution therefore accurately and correctly reflect the processes of the openEHR community itself. Secondly, the integrity of specifications on which healthcare software and systems are directly based is considered of paramount importance to patients and clinical professionals.

openEHR International, as an open community, wholeheartedly follow the guidelines of the Code of Conduct (CoC) as defined by the Apache Foundation and here you find a copy with some small adjustments. 

The CoC applies to all communication spaces managed by openEHR International and the openEHR community, including mailing lists, issue trackers, wikis, blogs, twitter, linkedIn etc.

While a CoC can never be complete, we believe the one made by the Apache Foundation provides a thorough understanding of how people can work together in a polite, friendly and productive environment. 

The following is a copy of the guidelines:

Specific Guidelines

We strive to:

1. Be open. We invite anyone to participate in our community. We preferably use public methods of communication for project-related messages, unless discussing something sensitive. This applies to messages for help or project-related support, too; not only is a public support request much more likely to result in an answer to a question, it also makes sure that any inadvertent mistakes made by people answering will be more easily detected and corrected.

2. Be empathetic, welcoming, friendly, and patient. We work together to resolve conflict, assume good intentions, and do our best to act in an empathetic fashion. We may all experience some frustration from time to time, but we do not allow frustration to turn into a personal attack. A community where people feel uncomfortable or threatened is not a productive one. We should be respectful when dealing with other community members as well as with people outside our community.

3. Be collaborative. Our work will be used by other people, and in turn we will depend on the work of others. When we make something for the benefit of the project, we are willing to explain to others how it works, so that they can build on the work to make it even better. Any decision we make will affect users and colleagues, and we take those consequences seriously when making decisions.

4. Be inquisitive. Nobody knows everything! Asking questions early avoids many problems later, so questions are encouraged, though they may be directed to the appropriate forum. Those who are asked should be responsive and helpful.

5. Be careful in the words that we choose. Whether we are participating as professionals or volunteers, we value professionalism in all interactions, and take responsibility for our own speech. Be kind to others. Do not insult or put down other participants. Harassment and other exclusionary behaviour are not acceptable. This includes, but is not limited to:
▪️ Violent threats or language directed against another person.
▪️ Sexist, racist, or otherwise discriminatory jokes and language.
▪️ Posting sexually explicit or violent material.
▪️ Posting (or threatening to post) other people’s personally identifying information (“doxing”).
▪️ Sharing private content, such as emails sent privately or non-publicly, or unlogged forums such as IRC channel history.
▪️ Personal insults, especially those using racist or sexist terms.
▪️ Unwelcome sexual attention.
▪️ Excessive or unnecessary profanity.
▪️ Repeated harassment of others. In general, if someone asks you to stop, then stop.
▪️ Advocating for, or encouraging, any of the above behaviour.

6. Be concise. Keep in mind that what you write once will be read by hundreds of people. Writing a short e-mail means people can understand the conversation as efficiently as possible. Short emails should always strive to be empathetic, welcoming, friendly and patient. When a long explanation is necessary, consider adding a summary. Try to bring new ideas to a conversation so that each mail adds something unique to the thread, keeping in mind that the rest of the thread still contains the other messages with arguments that have already been made.Try to stay on topic, especially in discussions that are already fairly large.

7. Step down considerately. Members of every project come and go. When somebody leaves or disengages from the project they should tell people they are leaving and take the proper steps to ensure that others can pick up where they left off. In doing so, they should remain respectful of those who continue to participate in the project and should not misrepresent the project’s goals or achievements. Likewise, community members should respect any individual’s choice to leave the project.

Diversity Statement
The openEHR community welcomes and encourages participation by everyone. We are committed to being a community that everyone feels good about joining. Although we may not be able to satisfy everyone, we will always work to treat everyone well.

No matter how you identify yourself or how others perceive you: we welcome you. Though no list can hope to be comprehensive, we explicitly honour diversity in: age, culture, ethnicity, genotype, gender identity or expression, language, national origin, neurotype, phenotype, political beliefs, profession, race, religion, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, subculture and technical ability.

Standards for behaviour in the openEHR community are detailed in the Code of Conduct above. We expect participants in our community to meet these standards in all their interactions and to help others to do so as well.